关于涉港国家安全立法

 十三届全国人大三次会议5月28日表决通过了《全国人民代表大会关于建立健全香港特别行政区维护国家安全的法律制度和执行机制的决定》。香港特区政府、各界团体和人士纷纷表示欢迎和支持，将全力配合尽快完成相关立法工作，维护国家安全、守护香港。

On May 28, the 13th National People’s Congress (NPC) adopted at its Third Session the NPC Decision on Establishing and Improving the Legal System and Enforcement Mechanisms for Safeguarding National Security in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR). The HKSAR government and various social groups and individuals in Hong Kong have welcomed and supported the decision, and pledged to facilitate the early completion of the legislative process with maximum efforts to safeguard national security and protect Hong Kong.

 
很多国家和国际人士认为,中国涉港国家安全立法符合法律法理、情势需要、人民期待、国际惯例，任何希望香港明天更好的人都应支持中国全国人大的决定。但极个别外国政客妄加评论、横加指责，粗暴干涉香港事务和中国内政。我们梳理了6个有代表性的谬论，以下是你需要知道的事实真相。
It is a view widely shared in the global community that China’s national security legislation for Hong Kong is legally sound and consistent with international common practices. It is driven by the situation on the ground and meets the aspiration of the people. Anyone who wishes Hong Kong a better future would support the NPC’s decision. However, a handful of foreign politicians are going all out to make unwarranted accusations and blatantly interfere in Hong Kong-related affairs, which are purely China’s internal affairs. The following are the six typical falsehoods about the legislation and the facts that you need to know.

谬论1：中国推进涉港国家安全立法没有法理依据，是把法律强加于香港。
Falsehood #1: It is not legitimate for China to enact national security legislation for Hong Kong or, in other words, to impose it on Hong Kong.

事实：维护国家安全历来是各国中央事权。中国中央政府对维护国家安全负有最大和最终的责任。世界上任何国家，无论实行单一制还是联邦制，国家安全立法都属于国家立法权力。全国人大是中国最高权力机关。
The truth is: The Central Government of China holds the primary and ultimate responsibility for national security, as is the case in any other country. In all countries, unitary and federal alike, the power to legislate on national security rests solely with the central government. And the NPC is the highest organ of state power in China.

◆澳大利亚有2部国安法，英国有3部，加拿大有5部，而仅美国一家就有多达20部。
◆Australia has two national security laws, the United Kingdom has three, Canada has five, and the United States alone has more than 20 such laws.

◆中国宪法第31条规定，“国家在必要时得设立特别行政区，在特别行政区内实行的制度按具体情况由全国人民代表大会以法律规定”。全国人大作为国家最高权力机关，有权力也有责任依据宪法和基本法，根据香港特区的实际情况和需要履行维护国家安全的宪制责任，包括制定与香港特区有关的维护国家安全法律，构建有关法律制度和执行机制。全国人大作出有关决定具有坚实法律基础和最高法律效力。
◆Article 31 of the Chinese Constitution stipulates that, “The state may establish special administrative regions when necessary. The systems to be instituted in special administrative regions shall be prescribed by law enacted by the National People’s Congress in the light of the specific conditions.” As the highest organ of state power, the NPC has both the power and obligation to fulfill its constitutional duty of safeguarding national security in accordance with the Constitution and the Basic Law based on the reality and needs of the HKSAR. The duty includes enacting national security legislation for the HKSAR and establishing relevant legal system and enforcement mechanisms. The recent decision of the NPC has solid legal grounds and the highest legal effect.

◆国家安全立法属于国家立法权。中央政府通过基本法第23条授予香港特别行政区维护国家安全的部分立法权力，这是在“一国两制”下作出的极特殊安排，但这不改变国家安全立法是中央事权的属性，也不影响中央根据实际情况和需要继续建构维护国家安全的法律制度和执行机制。
◆Legislation on national security falls within a state’s legislative power. Through Article 23 of the Basic Law, the Central Government grants the HKSAR certain legislative power on safeguarding national security, which is a very special arrangement under “one country, two systems”. However, it does not change the fact that national security legislation is essentially within the purview of the Central Government, nor does it prevent the Central Government from further developing a legal system and enforcement mechanisms for safeguarding national security in light of the actual situation and needs.

谬论2：中国此时推进涉港国安立法毫无必要。
Falsehood #2: It is not necessary for China to take the action at the moment.

事实：从国家层面建立健全香港特区维护国家安全的法律制度和执行机制，是形势所迫，也是确保“一国两制”行稳致远的治本之策，势在必行，刻不容缓。
The truth is: The current situation makes it imperative to establish and improve, at the state level, the legal system and enforcement mechanisms for safeguarding national security in the HKSAR. The decision is fundamental to the enduring success of “one country, two systems” and is of the greatest urgency.

◆基本法第23条授权香港特别行政区就维护国家安全自行立法，但回归近23年来，由于反中乱港势力和外部敌对势力的极力阻挠、干扰，相关立法仍未完成，香港特别行政区完成23条立法实际上已经很困难。
◆Article 23 of the Basic Law stipulates that the HKSAR shall enact laws on its own to safeguard national security. Nearly 23 years after Hong Kong’s return to China, however, the relevant legislative process is still not materialized due to the sabotage and obstruction by anti-China, destabilizing elements in Hong Kong as well as hostile forces from the outside. Given this situation, it has become quite difficult, if not impossible, for the HKSAR to enact the relevant laws on its own.

◆一段时间以来，香港特别行政区危害国家安全的各种活动愈演愈烈，保持香港长期繁荣稳定、维护国家安全面临着不容忽视的风险。特别是2019年香港发生“修例风波”以来，“港独”和激进分离势力活动日益猖獗，暴力恐怖活动不断升级，香港分裂分子甚至公开打出请求外国对华制裁甚至邀请美军登陆香港的旗号，同时外部干预势力和“台独”势力赤裸裸地加大干预香港事务，严重挑战“一国两制”原则底线，严重损害法治，严重危害国家主权、安全、发展利益，必须采取有力措施依法予以防范、制止和惩治。
◆Over the past weeks and months, activities that endanger national security have intensified in the HKSAR, posing notable risks to the long-term prosperity and stability of the Hong Kong and to the security of the country. In particular, since the turbulence over the amendment bill in 2019, the “Hong Kong independence” and radical separatist forces have become further emboldened and escalated their violent terrorist activities. Some separatists even made a public appeal for foreign sanctions against China and invited the US military to Hong Kong. External forces and “Taiwan independence” forces have blatantly ramped up intervention in Hong Kong affairs, which seriously challenges the “one country, two systems” principle, gravely undermines Hong Kong’s law and order, and poses real threats to the country’s sovereignty, security and development interests. Forceful measures are therefore required to prevent, forestall and punish these acts.

谬论3：涉港国安立法将破坏“一国两制”。
Falsehood #3: The legislation will undermine “one country, two systems”.

事实：恰恰相反，有关立法将保障“一国两制”行稳致远。全国人大有关决定，开宗明义阐明国家坚定不移并全面准确贯彻“一国两制”、“港人治港”、高度自治的方针。
The truth is: On the contrary, the legislation will ensure the successful implementation of “one country, two systems”. Article 1 of the NPC’s decision states clearly that the country will unswervingly, fully and faithfully implement the principles of “one country, two systems”, “the people of Hong Kong administering Hong Kong” and a high degree of autonomy.

◆“一国”是实行“两制”的前提和基础，“两制”从属和派生于“一国”并统一于“一国”之内。“一国”是根、是本。如果“一国”原则出现动摇，“两制”就无从谈起。香港出现乱象，一个重要原因是反中乱港和外部势力无视“一国”之本，挑战“一国两制”的原则底线。
◆“One country” is the precondition and basis of “two systems”, while “two systems” is subordinate to and derived from “one country”. “One country” is the foundation. Should the principle of “one country” be undermined, “two systems” would be impossible to practice. One important reason for the turbulence in Hong Kong is that the anti-China, destabilizing elements in Hong Kong and external forces have shown no regard for “one country” as the foundation and challenged the bottom line of the “one country, two systems” principle.

◆中国涉港国家安全立法后，“一国两制”方针不会变，香港实行的资本主义制度不会变，高度自治不会变，特区法律制度不会变，特区行政管理权、立法权、独立的司法权和终审权也不会受到影响。
◆The legislation for Hong Kong will not change the “one country, two systems” principle. It will not change the capitalist system or the high degree of autonomy practiced in Hong Kong. It will not change the legal system in the HKSAR. Nor will it affect the HKSAR’s executive, legislative and independent judicial power, including that of final adjudication.

谬论4：涉港国安立法违反《中英联合声明》，违反中方国际义务。
Falsehood #4: The legislation will be a violation of China’s international obligations under the Sino-British Joint Declaration.

事实：中国政府治理香港的法律依据是中国宪法和香港基本法，与《中英联合声明》无关。随着1997年香港回归中国，《中英联合声明》中所规定的与英方有关的条款已全部履行完毕。《中英联合声明》关于对港的基本方针政策是中方的政策宣示，已充分体现在全国人大所制定的基本法中。中方有关政策宣示不是对英方的承诺，而且这些政策都没有改变，中方会继续坚持。
The truth is: The legal basis for the Chinese government to govern Hong Kong is the Chinese Constitution and the Basic Law of the HKSAR. The Sino-British Joint Declaration is not relevant in this regard. 
As China resumed the exercise of sovereignty over Hong Kong in 1997, all provisions concerning the UK under the Joint Declaration had been fulfilled. The basic policies regarding Hong Kong stated by China in the Joint Declaration are not commitments to the UK, but China’s declaration of its policies, which have since been fully embodied in the Basic Law enacted by the NPC. These policies have not changed; they will continue to be upheld by China.

◆宪法是中国的根本大法，具有最高法律地位和效力，是特别行政区制度和香港基本法的法律渊源。基本法序言中明确指出，“根据中华人民共和国宪法，全国人大制定香港基本法,规定特区实行的制度，以保障国家对香港的基本方针政策的实施。”
◆The Constitution, as the fundamental law of China, has supreme legal status and authority. It forms the legal basis for the establishment of special administrative regions and the formulation of the Basic Law of the HKSAR. It is clearly stipulated in the Preamble of the Basic Law that in accordance with China’s Constitution, the NPC enacts Hong Kong’s Basic Law, “prescribing the systems to be practiced in the Hong Kong SAR, in order to ensure the implementation of the basic policies of the People’s Republic of China regarding Hong Kong”.

◆《中英联合声明》是中英间关于中国收回香港及有关过渡期安排的重要文件，共有8条正文和3个附件。第1条规定中国对香港恢复行使主权，第2条规定英国将香港交还给中国。香港回归后，这两条已同时履行完毕。第3条及附件一是关于中方对香港基本方针政策的原则阐述及具体说明，系中方的政策宣示。第4至6条和附件二、附件三规定两国在回归过渡期的有关安排。第7、8条是关于实施和生效的条款。与英方有关的条款随着香港回归和各项后续工作的完成已经都履行完毕。
◆The Sino-British Joint Declaration is an important document concerning China’s recovery of Hong Kong and relevant arrangements during the transitional period. It consists of eight paragraphs and three annexes. Paragraph 1 is about China resuming the exercise of sovereignty over Hong Kong. Paragraph 2 is about the UK restoring Hong Kong to China. Both paragraphs were fulfilled with Hong Kong’s return. Paragraph 3 and Annex I are declaration and elaboration of China’s basic policies regarding Hong Kong. Paragraphs 4 to 6 and Annex II and III stipulate arrangements during the transitional period. Paragraphs 7 and 8 are about the Joint Declaration’s implementation and entry into force. With the return of Hong Kong and the completion of follow-up matters, all UK-related provisions have been fulfilled.

◆《中英联合声明》没有赋予英国在香港回归后对香港承担任何责任和干预香港事务的权利。英方对回归后的香港无主权、无治权、无监督权。《中英联合声明》为中英双边文件，不涉及其他国家，与第三国无关。主权平等、不干涉内政是国际法和国际关系的基本准则，其他国家和组织无权假借《中英联合声明》干涉香港事务。
◆The Joint Declaration does not assign the UK any responsibility over Hong Kong nor give it any right to intervene in Hong Kong affairs after the handover. The UK has no sovereignty, jurisdiction or “right of supervision” over Hong Kong after its return. The Joint Declaration is a bilateral instrument between China and the UK; it does not involve any other country or has anything to do with a third country. Sovereign equality and non-interference are enshrined in international law and are basic norms of international relations. Other countries and organizations have no right to meddle in Hong Kong affairs on the grounds of the Joint Declaration.

谬论5：涉港国安立法将影响香港居民的权利和自由。
Falsehood #5: The legislation will affect the rights and freedoms of Hong Kong residents.

事实：有关立法不仅不会影响香港居民依法所享有的各项权利和自由，而且会使香港广大居民的合法权利和自由在安全环境下得到更好行使。
The truth is: The legislation will not affect the rights and freedoms Hong Kong residents enjoy under the law; it will enable them to enjoy their lawful rights and freedoms in a safe environment.

◆维护国家安全同尊重保障人权，从根本上来说是一致的。全国人大通过有关决定授权全国人大常委会制定有关法律，针对的只是那些分裂国家、颠覆国家政权、组织实施恐怖活动等严重危害国家安全的行为和活动以及外国和境外势力干预香港特别行政区事务的活动。对绝大多数在港爱港、遵纪守法的香港居民和外国人士而言，完全没有必要“杞人忧天”、对号入座。
◆Fundamentally speaking, safeguarding national security and protecting human rights do not conflict with each other. The NPC’s decision targets only acts of secession, subverting state power and organizing and carrying out terrorist activities that seriously jeopardize national security as well as interference in the HKSAR affairs by external forces. For the majority of law-abiding residents and foreigners in Hong Kong who love the city, there is no need to worry that they might be unfavorably impacted.

◆任何维护国家安全的工作和执法，都将严格依照法律规定、符合法定职权、遵循法定程序，不会侵犯香港居民、法人和其他组织的合法权益。
◆All work and law enforcement efforts to safeguard national security will be conducted strictly in accordance with legal provisions, mandates and procedures, without prejudice to the lawful rights and interests of Hong Kong residents, legal persons and other organizations.

谬论6：涉港国安立法将影响香港营商环境和国际金融中心地位。
Falsehood #6: The legislation will erode Hong Kong’s business environment and undermine its position as a global financial center.

事实：有关立法将使香港有更加完备的法律体系、更加稳定的社会秩序、更加良好的法治和营商环境，将更有利于维护香港的金融、贸易和航运中心地位。
The truth is: The legislation will improve Hong Kong’s legal system and bring more stability, stronger rule of law and a better business environment to Hong Kong. It will bolster Hong Kong’s position as a global financial, trading and shipping center.

◆国家安全有保障，社会才会安定有序，香港的繁荣稳定才有基础；香港大门洞开，国家安全漏洞百出，香港社会乱象横生、动荡不安，投资者的信心势必受到严重影响。比如，“修例风波”使香港痛失保持了25年的全球最自由经济体地位，GDP十年来首次出现负增长，失业率创下近十年新高。
◆Only when national security is ensured can the community in Hong Kong enjoy law and order and Hong Kong’s prosperity and stability be assured. If Hong Kong is fraught with national security loopholes and plagued by social unrest, investor confidence will be eroded. The turbulence over the amendment bill since last year has cost Hong Kong the title of the world’s freest economy, a title it had held for 25 years. Its GDP contracted for the first time in a decade and unemployment hit a record high in nearly 10 years.

◆有关立法不仅不影响外国投资者在香港的正当权益，反而有利于保障各国企业依法经营和商务往来；消除本地和外国商界人士对“暴恐”等香港社会乱象的极度担忧，为外国投资者营造法治更加健全、预期更加稳定可靠的营商环境。
◆The legislation will not affect the legitimate interests of foreign investors. It will afford better protection to their law-based operations and commercial ties, alleviate the grave concern in the local and foreign business communities about debilitating violence, and create a more reliable and stable law-based business environment for foreign investors.

◆澳门特别行政区2009年按照基本法第23条通过维护国家安全法。从2009年到2019年，澳门GDP增长了153%，游客数量增长了81%，总体失业率降至十年内最低。
◆In 2009, the Macao Special Administrative Region passed a national security law under Article 23 of the Basic Law of the Macao SAR. Between 2009 and 2019, Macao’s GDP grew by 153 percent, the number of inbound tourists increased by 81 percent, and the overall unemployment rate hit a record low in a decade.

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